The columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal, which can extend onto the cervix, contains glands which secrete mucus. Nabothian follicles (or cysts) are retention cysts on the cervix formed by the blockage of these glands due to the growth of new epithelium over a maturing cervical ectropion. They are often seen when taking a cervical sample. Nabothian cysts are cream in colour, smooth and dome shaped, and may be single or multiple. They are benign and do not require further management.
A useful resource for clinicians is VCS Pathology: National Cervical Screening Program Guidelines Cervix sampling card which shows various cervical conditions in full colour.
...
Buy now
1.
Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray’s Anatomy for Students E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
Close
2.
Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2007;370(9590):890-907.
Close
3.
Bateson D, Bower H, Stewart M. Cervical screening in the HPV era: don’t ditch the Pap test! 2011.
Close
4.
Read C, May T, Stellingwerff M. How to Treat: Irregular Vaginal Bleeding Australian Doctor 2007;18(May):27 -34.
Close
7.
Younis M, Iram S, Anwar B, Ewies A. Women with asymptomatic cervical polyps may not need to see a gynaecologist or have them removed: an observational retrospective study of 1126 cases. European journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and reproductive Biology 2010;150(2):190-4.
Close
9.
Corpus Uteri [internet]. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer: World Health Organization; 2018.
Close
12.
Walboomers JMM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. The Journal of Pathology. 1999;189(1):12-9.
Close
13.
Matsumoto K, Yoshikawa H. Human papillomavirus infection and the risk of cervical cancer in Japan Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Research 2013;39(1):7-17.
Close
15.
Moscicki A, Schiffman M, Burchell A, Albero G, Giuliano AR, et al. Updating the natural history of human papillomavirus and anogenital cancers Vaccine. 2012;20(30:Suppl5):F24-F33.
Close
17.
Cancer Council Australia, Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Working Party. Cervical Screening Program: Guidelines for the management of screen-detected abnormalities, screening in specific populations and investigation of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Sydney, NSW: Cancer Council Australia. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/clinical-guidelines/cervical-cancer-screening.
Close
18.
Brotherton JM. How much cervical cancer in Australia is vaccine preventable? A meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2008;26(2):250-6.
Close
20.
International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Cervical carcinoma and sexual behaviour: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 15,461 women with cervical carcinoma and 29,164 women without cervical carcinoma from 21 epidemiological studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;April 18(4):1060-9.
Close
22.
Richter J, Rissel C, de Visser R, Simpson J, Grulich A. Australian study of Health and Relationships (ASHR) 2. Sexual Health. 2014;11(50).
Close
24.
Crowe E, Pandeya N, Brotherton JM, Dobson AJ, Kisely S, et al. Effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical abnormalities: case-control study nested within a population based screening programme in Australia. BMJ. 2014;March (4):g1458.
Close
25.
Russell M, Raheja V, Jaiyesimi R. Human papillomavirus vaccination i adolescence. Perspectives in Public Health 2013;133(6):320-4.
Close
27.
Stoler M. Human papillomaviruses and cervical neoplasia: a model for carcinogenesis. International Journal of Gynaecological Pathology: Official Journal of the International Society of Gynaecological Pathologists. 2000;19(1):16-28.
Close
28.
Brotherton JM. Nonavalent vaccine and the two-dose schedule AJGP. 2018;47(7).
Close
29.
Brotherton JM. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: where are we now? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2014;50(12):959-65.
Close
30.
Tabrizi S, Brotherton JM, Kaldor JM, Skinner SR, Liu B, et al. Assessment of herd immunity and cross-protection after a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in Australia: a repeat cross-sectional study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014;14(10):958-66.
Close
31.
Gertig D, Brotherton JM, Budd AC, Drennan K, Chappell G, et al. Impact of a population-based HPV vaccination program on cervical abnormalities: a data linkage study. BMC Medicine. 2013;October 22(11):227.
Close
32.
Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, Read T, Regan D, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data 2013;346(f2032).
Close
33.
Patel C, Brotherton J, Pillsbury A, Jayasinghe S, Donovan B, et al. The impact of 10 years of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Australia: what additional disease burden will a nonavalent vaccine. Eurosurveillance 2018;23(4).
Close
34.
Joura E, Garland SM, Paavonen J, Ferris DG, Perez G, et al. Effect of the human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in a subgroup of women with cervical and vulvar disease: retrospective pooled analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2012;27(344):e1401.
Close
37.
Smith M, Canfell K. Impact of the Australian National Cervical Screening Program in women of different ages. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2016;205(8):359-64.
Close
38.
Ronco G, Giorgi-Rossi P, Carozzi F, Confortini M, Dalla Palma P, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus testing for the detection of invasive cervical cancers and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology 2010;11(3):249-57.
Close
39.
Rijkaart D, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Bulkmans NW, et al. Human papillomavirus testing for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer: final results of the POBASCAM randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2012;13(1):78-88.
Close
40.
Katki H, Kinney WK, Fetterman B, Lorey T, Poitras NE, et al. Cervical cancer risk for women undergoing concurrent testing for human papillomavirus and cervical cytology: a population-based study in routine clinical practice. The Lancet Oncology. 2011;12(7):663-72.
Close
41.
Arbyn M, Castle PE. Offering self-sampling kits for HPV testing to reach women who do not attend in the regular cervical screening program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(5):769-72.
Close
45.
Arbyn M, Smith SB, Temin S, et al. Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses. BMJ. 2018 Dec 5;363:k4823. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.k4823.
Close
46.
Creagh NS, Zammit C, Brotherton JMI, et al. Self-collection cervical screening in the renewed National Cervical Screening Program: a qualitative study. Med J Aust. 2021 Oct 18;215(8):354-358. doi: 10.5694/mja2.51137. Epub 2021 Jun 18.
Close
49.
Bateson D, Roeske L. Cervical Screening Program update: the intermediate risk pathway, the co-test and self collection. Medicine Today 2022; 23(6) 46-52.
Close
