Chapter 9 – Preconception Care and Pregnancy
CONTENTS
-
Part 1: Preconception care
- Diet, nutrition and body weight
- Nutritional supplementation
- Exercise
- Smoking, alcohol and substance use
- Optimising pre-existing medical conditions
- Reproductive and obstetric history
- Vaccination status and infectious disease advice
- Other pre-conception care
- Preconception genetic counselling and screening
-
Part 2: Pregnancy and antenatal care
- Early pregnancy care and the first antenatal visit
- Early pregnancy problems
- First trimester screening options including prenatal tests for chromosomal abnormalities
- Screening tests available in the first trimester
- Screening tests available in the second trimester
- Subsequent visits and antenatal tests
- Vaccinations recommended during pregnancy
- Blood borne viruses and sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy
- Part 3: Postnatal care
- Resources
-
References
See more. Sign up now!
Find the information you need
Part 2: Pregnancy and antenatal care
Pregnant patients have access to several models of antenatal care in Australia, including tertiary public hospital multidisciplinary care, private obstetric care, GP Shared Care, and midwifery-led care.
Antenatal care should be patient-centred and delivered in a culturally sensitive manner. This is particularly important in providing care to Indigenous Australians, who experience increased adverse perinatal outcomes. This includes higher rates of maternal mortality, pre-term birth, low birth weight and perinatal deaths when compared to non-Indigenous Australians.(32)
National evidence-based antenatal care guidelines for Australia were published in 2018, and are available here. Part A of antenatal care guidelines details strategies for optimising antenatal care for specific groups including Indigenous Australians, migrant and refugee women, women with serious mental health problems, adolescent women, and women in rural and remote settings.(33)
... Buy nowEarly pregnancy care and the first antenatal visit
Buy nowEarly pregnancy problems
Buy nowFirst trimester screening options including prenatal tests for chromosomal abnormalities
Buy nowScreening tests available in the first trimester
Buy nowScreening tests available in the second trimester
Buy nowSubsequent visits and antenatal tests
Buy nowVaccinations recommended during pregnancy
Buy nowBlood borne viruses and sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy
Buy nowDorney E, Black K. Preconception Care. Australian Journal of General Practice. 2018;47(7).
CloseStephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, Schoenaker DA, Hutchinson J, Cade JE, et al. Preconception health 1: Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. Lancet. 2018;391:1830-41.
CloseBateson D, Black K. Preconception Care: An important yet underutilised preventative care strategy. MJA. 2018;209(9).
CloseRoyal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. 9th ed. East Melbourne, Victoria: RACGP; 2018.
CloseBarker M, Dombrowski SU, Colbourn T, Fall CH, Kriznik NM, Lawrence WT, et al. Intervention strategies to improve nutrition and health behaviours before conception Lancet. 2018;391(1853-64).
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 3(a): Pre-Pregnancy Counselling. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 1992 [updated 2017 July]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Pre-pregnancy-Counselling-(C-Obs-3a)-review-July-2017_1.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseSchummers L, Hutcheon JA, Bodnar LM, Lieberman E, Himes KP. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by pre-pregnancy body mass index: A population‑based study to inform pre-pregnancy weight loss counselling. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;125(1):133-43.
CloseKim S, Nisenblat B. Male fertility. Improving sperm health and chance of pregnancy. Medicine Today. 2019;20(1):55-7.
CloseSouth Australia Maternal & Neonatal Clinical Network. South Australian Perinatal Practice Guidelines [internet]. South Australia: Government of South Australia; 2015 [updated 2018 Sept 30].
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 25: Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Pregnancy. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2008 [updated 2015 May]. Available from: https://www.hps.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-in-pregnancy-C-Obs-25-Review-Nov-2014-Amended-May-2015.pdf.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 49: Management of Obesity in Pregnancy. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2013 [updated 2017 March]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Management-of-obesity-(C-Obs-49)-Review-March-2017.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseLumley J, Watson L, Watson M, Bower C. Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;3(CD001056).
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 25: Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Pregnancy. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2008 [updated 2019 November]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-in-pregnancy-(C-Obs-25).pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Alcohol. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-c-lifestyle-considerations/alcohol.
ClosePerry M, Mulcahy H, De Franco EA. Influence of periconception smoking behaviour on birth defect risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(6):588.
CloseOffice of the Surgeon General (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. [Internet]. Atlanta, Georgia: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44695/.
CloseHackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod. 2011;17(589-604).
CloseZhang K, Wang X. Maternal smoking and increased risk of sudden death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2013;15:115-21.
CloseHibbert E, Chalasani S, Kozan P, Myszka R, Park K, Black KI. Preconception care and contraceptive use among Australian women with diabetes mellitus. AJGP. 2018;47(12).
CloseTherapeutic Goods Administration. Pregnancy test kits. Department of Health, Australian Government [internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.tga.gov.au/media-release/pregnancy-test-kits.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook [internet]. Department of Health, Australian Government; 2019. Vaccination for women who are planning pregnancy, pregnant or breast feeding [2019 Sept 20]. Available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccination-for-special-risk-groups/vaccination-for-women-who-are-planning-pregnancy-pregnant-or.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook [internet]. Department of Health, Australian Government; 2018. Serological testing for immunity to rubella is only recommended before or after receiving rubella-containing vaccine in certain circumstances [updated 2018 June 7]. Available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/serological-testing-for-immunity-to-rubella-is-only-recommended-before-or-after.
CloseDepartment of Health. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI). [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/committees-and-groups/australian-technical-advisory-group-on-immunisation-atagi.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 64: Prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2019 [updated 2019 Mar]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Prevention-of-congenital-cytomeglovirus(CMV)infection-(C-Obs-64)-New-Statement-March-2019-Amended.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseCentre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease Control (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD). Zika Virus [Internet]. 2019 [updated 2019 Jan 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html.
CloseWorld Health Organization (WHO). Zika virus disease [Internet]. WHO; 2019 [updated 2019 July]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/zika/epidemiology-update/en/.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 63: Genetic carrier screening. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2019 [updated 2019 Mar]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Genetic-carrier-screening(C-Obs-63)New-March-2019_1.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseThe Royal Women’s Hospital. Thalassaemia and Abnormal Haemoglobins in Pregnancy. [Internet]. The Royal Women’s Hospital: Victoria; 2018. Available from: https://thewomens.r.worldssl.net/images/uploads/downloadable-records/clinical-guidelines/thalassaemia-and-abnormal-haemoglobins-in-pregnancy-guideline_280720.pdf.
CloseRoyal College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Genomics in general practice. 8th East Melbourne, Victoria: RACGP; 2018. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/FSDEDEV/media/documents/Clinical%20Resources/Guidelines/Genomics-in-general-practice.pdf.
CloseArchibald A, Smith MJ, Burgess T, Scarff KL, Elliott J, Hunt CE, et al. Reproductive genetic carrier screening for cystic fibrosis X syndrome, and spinal muscular atrophy in Australia: outcomes of 12,000 tests. Genet Med. 2018;20(5):513-23.
CloseDelatycki M, Laing NG, Moore SJ, Emery J, Archibald AD, Massie J, et al. Preconception and antenatal carrier screening for genetic conditions: The critical role of general practitioners Australian Journal of General Practice. 2019;48(3).
CloseClarke M, Boyle J. Antenatal care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Australian Family Physician. 2014;43(1-2).
CloseDepartment of Health. Part A: Optimising pregnancy care. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2018 [updated 2018 Nov 20. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-a-optimising-pregnancy-care.
CloseWilcox A, Baird DD, Dunson D. Natural limits of pregnancy testing in relation to the expected mestrual period. JAMA. 2001;286(14):1759-61.
CloseDepartment of Health. Gestational age. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2018 [updated 2018 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-d-clinical-assessments/gestational-age.
CloseMendelsohn C, Gould GS, Oncken C. Management of smoking in pregnancy women. Australian Family Physician. 2014;43(1):46-51.
CloseDepartment of Health. Pregnancy Care Guidelines. [Internet]. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government; 2014 [updated 2018]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines.
CloseYildiz O, Aygen B, Esel D, Kayabas U, Alp E, Sumerkaan B, et al. Sepsis and Meningitis due to Listeria Monocytogenes. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(3):433-9.
CloseListeriosis fact sheet [internet]. NSW Health; 2018 [updated 2018 Oct 8]. Available from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/Listeriosis.aspx.
CloseDepartment of Primary Industries Food Authority. Food safety during pregnancy. [Internet]. NSW Government. Available from: https://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/_Documents/foodsafetyandyou/pregnancy_brochure.pdf.
CloseMunyame C, Vaithilingam N, Rahman Y, Vara R, Freeman A. Phenylketonuria in pregnancy. The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist. 2018;20(4).
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Gyn 1: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). [Internet]. RANZCOG; 1994 [updated 2017 Nov]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical%20-%20Gynaecology/Female-Genital-Mutilation-(C-Gyn-1)-Nov17.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseeTG Complete [internet]. Therapeutic Guidelines; 2019. Antibiotic.
CloseNausea and vomiting of pregnancy [internet]. MotherSafe, The Royal Hospital for Women; 2016. Available from: https://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/groups/Royal_Hospital_for_Women/Mothersafe/documents/NVPMothersafeFactsheet2016.pdf.
CloseTan A, Foran T, Henry A. Management nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in a primary care setting. Perinatal care. 2016;45(8):564-8.
CloseLowe S. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. O&G. 2007;9(4):23-5.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 3b: Routine Antenatal Assessment in the Absence of Pregnancy Complications. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 1992 [updated 2019 Nov]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Routine-antenatal-assessment-in-the-absence-of-pregnancy-complications-(C-Obs-3b)_2.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Syphilis. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019 [updated 2019 June 4]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-f-routine-maternal-health-tests/syphilis.
CloseDepartment of Health. Infectious Syphilis Outbreak. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-infectious-syphilis-outbreak.htm.
CloseAustralasian Society for HIV Medicine (ASHM). National Hepatitis B Testing Policy. V1.2. [Internet]. ASHM; 2015.
CloseDepartment of Health. Asymptomatic bacteriuria. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-f-routine-maternal-health-tests/asymptomatic-bacteriuria.
CloseBrand A, Hammond I, Mountford J, Roeske L, Cancer Council Australia Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Working Party. Screening in pregnancy. [Internet]. Available from: https://wiki.cancer.org.au/australia/Clinical_question:Screening_in_pregnancy.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 46: Testing for hypothyroidism during pregnancy with serum TSH. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2012 [updated 2015 July]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Testing-for-hypothyroidism-during-pregnancy-with-serum-TSH-(C-Obs-46)-Review-July-2015.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseRours IG HM, Ott A, de faber TJ, Verbrugh HA, de Groot R, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of neonatal conjunctivitis in Dutch infants. Pediatrics 2008;121(2):321-6.
CloseAustralian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual health Alliance. Chlamydia; 2018 [updated 2018 Mar 29]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/chlamydia#diagnosis.
CloseGestational Diabetes [internet]. Diabetes Australia: The National Diabetes Services Scheme. Available from: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/gestational-diabetes.
CloseDepartment of Health. Hyperglycaemia. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-f-routine-maternal-health-tests/hyperglycaemia.
CloseNankervis A, Price S, Conn J. Gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic approach to diagnosis and management. Australian Journal of General Practice. 2018;47(7).
CloseNankervis A, McIntyre HD, Moses R, Ross GP, Callaway L, Porter C, et al. ADIPS Consensus Guidelines for the Testing and Diagnosis of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy in Australia and New Zealand (modified November 2014). [Internet]; the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2014. Available from: https://www.adips.org/downloads/2014ADIPSGDMGuidelinesV18.11.2014.pdf.
CloseBreeze C. Early Pregnancy Bleeding. AFP. 2016;45(5).
CloseBarnhart K, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PF, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(1):50-5.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 59: Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing for fetal chromosomal and genetic conditions. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2018. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Prenatal-screening_1.pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseMurdoch Children Research Institute. Your choice: Prenatal screening tests in pregnancy. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.mcri.edu.au/sites/default/files/media/your_choice_2018.pdf.
CloseHarraway J. Non-invasive prenatal testing. Australian Family Physician. 2017;46(10).
CloseBerardi A, Spada C, Reggiani ML, Creti R, Baroni L, Capretti MG, et al. Group B Streptococcus early-onset disease and observation of well-appearing newborns. PLoS ONE. 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212784.
CloseNanduri S, Petit S, Smelser C, Apostol M, Alden NB, Harrison LH, et al. Epidemiology of invasive early-onset and late-onset group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 2006 to 2015: multistate laboratory and population-based surveillance. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):224-33.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College statement C-Obs 19: Maternal Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: screening and management. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 2003 [updated 2019 July]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Maternal-Group-B-Streptococcus-in-pregnancy-screening-and-management-(C-Obs-19).pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook [internet]. Department of Health, Australian Government; 2019. Pertussis (whooping cough) [updated 2019 Sept 20]. Available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook [internet]. Department of Health, Australian Government; 2019. Influenza (flu) [updated 2019 Apr 9]. Available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccine-preventable-diseases/influenza-flu.
CloseDe Cock K, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA. 2000;283(9):1175-82.
CloseEuropean Collaborative Study. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Indec Dis. 2005;40(3):458-65.
CloseAustralasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID). Management of Perinatal Infections [internet]. 2nd Sydney, NSW: Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID), 2014. Available from: https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/RPA/neonatal%5Ccontent/pdf/guidelines/ASID_guidelines.pdf.
CloseNavabakhsh B, Mehrabi N, Estakhri A, Mohamadnejad, Poutschi H. Hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy: Transmission and prevention. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2011;3(2):92-102.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-Obs 50: Management of Hepatitis B in pregnancy. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 1990 [updated 2019 Nov]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Management-of-Hepatitis-B-in-pregnancy-(C-Obs-50).pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseAustralian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Hepatitis B; [updated 2019 Jan 11]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/hepatitis-b#diagnosis.
CloseThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). College Statement C-OBS 51: Management of Hepatitis C in Pregnancy. [Internet]. RANZCOG; 1998 [updated 2020 Mar]. Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Management-of-Hepatitis-C-in-Pregnancy-(C-Obs-51).pdf?ext=.pdf.
CloseGarland S. Obstetrics and neonatal sexual transmitted infections. In: Russell D, Bradford D, Fairley C, editor. Sexual Health Medicine. Melbourne: IP Communications; 2005. p. 154-66.
CloseFoley E, Clarke E, Beckett VA, Harrison S, Pillai A, FitzGerald M, et al. Management of Genital Herpes in Pregnancy. [Internet]. NICE; 2014 [updated 2018]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/management-genital-herpes.pdf.
CloseHennessy A, Makris A. Pre-eclampsia and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiology Today. 2011;1(2).
CloseNoctor E, Dunne FP. Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: The influence of changing diagnostic criteria. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(2):234-44.
CloseRoyal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). General Practice Management of Type 2 Diabetes: 2016-2018. East Melbourne: RACGP; 2016. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/FSDEDEV/media/documents/Clinical%20Resources/Guidelines/Diabetes/General-practice-management-of-type-2-diabetes_1.pdf.
CloseThe Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [internet]. Cox J, Holden JM, Sagovsky R: Black Dog Institute (Edinburgh, Scotland); 1987. Available from: https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/edinburgh-postnatal-depression-scale.pdf.
CloseLeader L, Bennett M, Wong F. Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4th ed: CRC Press; 1996.
CloseAustin M-P, Highet N, the Expert Working Group. Mental Health Care in the Perinatal Period: Australian Clinical Practice Guideline. Melbourne: Centre of Perinatal Excellence; 2017.Available from: https://www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au/portal/2586/mental-health-care-perinatal-period-australian-clinical-practice-guideline.
CloseBuist A. Perinatal mental health: Identifying problems and managing medications. Australian Family Physician. 2014;43(4):182-5.
CloseFamily Planning NSW, Family Planning Victoria, True Relationships and Reproductive Health. Contraception: An Australian Clinical Practice Handbook. 4th ed. Ashfield, NSW: FPNSW; 2016.
CloseThe Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (FSRH). FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraception After Pregnancy. [Internet]. FSRH; 2017. Available from: https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/contraception-after-pregnancy-guideline-january-2017/
CloseHeinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, Minh TD. Risk of uterine perforation with levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices in the European Active Surveillance Study on Intrauterine Devices. Contraception. 2015;91(4):274-9.
Close