Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in women in westernised countries and risk increases with age, particularly after the menopause. It is important to assess for and recognise risk factors in menopausal patients and to treat them aggressively.
Significant risk factors include hypertension, cigarette smoking, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, high BMI, and the metabolic syndrome. Each patient needs to be assessed individually, but in general, MHT does not increase CHD risk in healthy women between 50 and 59. It is unclear at present whether MHT in healthy women 50-59 may slightly increase the risk of ischaemic stroke although no increase in stroke was seen in this age group in the Women’s Health Initiative study.
...
Buy now
2.
Harlow S, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ STRAW+10, diagram, ‘Executive Summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10: Addressing the Unfinished Agenda of Staging Reproductive Aging. The North American Menopause Society. 2012;19(4):387-95.
Close
4.
Speroff L. The perimenopause: definitions, demography and physiology. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2002;29(3):397-410.
Close
5.
Avis N, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531-9.
Close
6.
Gartoulla P, Worsley R, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Moderate to severe vasomotor and sexual symptoms remain problematic for women aged 60 to 65 years. Menopause. 2015;22(7):694-701.
Close
7.
Faddy M, Gosden RG, Gougeon A, et al. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid life: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod 1992;7(10):1342-6.
Close
8.
Richardson S, Senikas V, Nelson JF. Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition: evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate exhaustion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:1231-7.
Close
9.
Burger H, Hale GE, Dennerstein L, Robertson DM. Cycle and hormone changes during perimenopause: the key role of ovarian function. Menopause 2008;15(4):603-12.
Close
10.
Santoro N, Buster JE. Hormonal changes of the menopausal transition Sex Reprod Menopause Supplement 2009;May 2009:33-40.
Close
11.
Davis S, Lambrinoudaki I, Lumsden M, Mishra GD, Rees M, Santoro N, et al. Menopause. Natural Reviews Disease Primers. 2015; 1(15004).
Close
12.
Depmann M, Broer SL, van der Schouw YT, et al. Can we predict age at natural menopause using ovarian reserve tests or mother’s age at menopause?. Menopause 2016;23(2):224-32.
Close
13.
Archer D, Sturdee DW, Baber R, et al. Menopausal hot flushes and night sweats: where are we now?. Climacteric. 2011;14(5):515-28.
Close
14.
Australian absolute cardiovascular disease risk calculator [Internet]. National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance. 2012. Available from: http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/.
Close
21.
Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2015 Nov;22(11):1155-72.
Close
22.
Ayers B, Smith M, Hellier J, Mann E, Hunter MS. Effectiveness of group and self-help cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing problematic menopausal hot flushes and night sweats (MENOS 2): a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2012 July;19(7):749-59.
Close
23.
Mann E, Smith MJ, Hellier J, Balabanovic JA, Hamed H, Grunfeld EA, Hunter MS. Cognitive behavioural treatment for women who have menopausal symptoms after breast cancer treatment (MENOS 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Mar;13(3):309-18.
Close
24.
Green S, Haber E, McCabe RE, Soares CN. Cognitive-behavioural group treatment for menopausal symptoms: a pilot study. Arch Womens Ment health. 2013;16(4):325-32.
Close
25.
Elkins G, Fisher WI, Johnson AK, Carpenter JS, Keith TZ. Clinical hypnosis in the treatment of postmenopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2013 Mar;20(3):291-8.
Close
29.
Hickey M, Szabo RA, Hunter MS. Non-hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms. BMJ. 2017 Nov;23(359).
Close
30.
de Villiers T, Hall JE, Pinkerton JV, Cerdas Pérez S, Rees M, Yang C, Pierroz DD Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy Climacteric. 2016;19(4):313-5.
Close
31.
Vinogradova Y. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2019;364:k4810.
Close
32.
Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, Gionfriddo MR, Morey Vargas OL, Prokop LJ et al,. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(121-129).
Close
33.
Cuadros J, Fernandez-Alonso AM, Chedraui P, Cuadros AM, Sabatel RM, Perez-Lopez R. Metabolic and hormonal parameters in postmenopausal women 10 years after transdermal oestradiol treatment, alone or in combination to micronized oral progesterone. Gynae Endocrinol. 2011;27(3):156-62.
Close
34.
Genazzani A, Pluchino N, Bernardi F, Centofanti, Luisi M. Beneficial effect of tibolone on mood, cognition, well-being, and sexuality in menopausal women. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(3):299-307.
Close
37.
David S. The effects of tibolone on mood and libido. Menopause. 2002;9(3):162-70.
Close
38.
Cummings S, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopoulos V, Verweij P, et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359(7):697-708.
Close
41.
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Menopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of 52 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1835-42.
Close
42.
Roberts H, Hickey M. Should hormone therapy be recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease?. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2015;3(ED000097).
Close
43.
Renoux C, Dell’Aniello S, Garbe E, Suissa S,. Transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: a nested case control study. BMJ. 2010;340:c2519.
Close
44.
Scarabin PY. Progestogens and venous thromboembolism in menopausal women: an updated oral versus transdermal estrogen meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2018;21(4):341-5.
Close
45.
Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2019;364:k4810.
Close
46.
Pitkin J, British Menopause Society Medical Advisory Council. Consensus Statement Post Reproductive Health 2018;24(3):133-8.
Close
47.
Simon J, Davis SR, Althof SE, Chedraui P, Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, et al. Sexual well-being after menopause: An International Menopause Society White Paper. Climacteric. 2018;21(5):415-27.
Close
48.
Buttini M, Maher C. The first published randomised controlled trial of laser treatment for vaginal atrophy raises serious questions. Med J Aust 2018;209(9).
Close
49.
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) Women’s Health Committee. Vaginal ‘rejuvenation’ and cosmetic vaginal procedures. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12999.
Close
52.
Lynch C, Folkers ME, Hutson WR. Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: a case report. Liver Transpl. 2006;12(6): 989-992. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20778.
Close
53.
Pinkerton J. What are the concerns about custom-compounded “bioidentical” hormone therapy? . Menopause 2014;21(12):1298-300.
Close
54.
Baber R, Panay N, Fenton A the IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109-50.
Close
55.
Milsom S, O’Sullivan S. Premature ovarian insufficiency. Menopause. 2017 (Autumn);19(1).
Close
56.
Webber L, Davies M, Anderson R, et al. ESHRE guideline: Management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2016;31(5):926-37.
Close
57.
Crofton P, Evans N, Bath LE, Warner P, Whitehead TJ, Critchley HO, et al. Physiological versus standard sex steroid replacement in young women with premature ovarian failure: effects on bone mass acquisition and turnover. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;73:707-14.
Close
61.
Collins P, Webb CM, de Viller TJ, Stevenson JC, Panay N, Baber RJ. Cardiovascular risk assessment in women – an update. Climacteric. 2016;19(4):329-36.
Close
62.
Manson J, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick MC, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353-68.
Close
63.
Vessey MP. Progestogen only oral contaception. Findings in a large prospective study with special reference to effectiveness. Br J Fam Plann 1985;10:117–21.
Close
65.
Davis SR, Bell RJ, Robinson PJ, Handelsman DJ, Gilbert T, Phung T, et al. Testosterone and Estrone increase from the age of 70 years: findings from the Sex Hormones in Older Women Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 104(12):6291-300
Close
66.
Szoeke C, Lehert P, Henderson VW, Dennerstein L, Desmond P, Campbell S. Predictive Factors for Verbal Memory Performance Over Decades of Aging: Data from the Womems Healthy Aging Project. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016; 24(10):857-67.
Close
67.
Li FG ,Maheux-Lacroix S,Deans R, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Budden A, Nguyen K. Effect on Symptom Severity in Women with Postmenopausal Vaginal Symptoms: A randomised Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;326(14):1381-1389.
Close
68.
International Society for the Study of Womens Sexual Health Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Systemic Testosterone for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women. J Sex Med. 2021;18:849-867.
Close
