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Chapter 5 – The Breast

Topic

The Breast: An Introduction
Investigation of a new breast symptom
Breast lumps
Nipple changes, discharge and Paget’s disease
- Paget’s disease of the nipple
Mastalgia and chest wall pain
Mastitis
Inflammatory breast cancer
Breast cancer
Breast screening
Resources
References

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Family Planning NSW fact sheets:

Breast awareness Breast pain: Mastalgia

Cancer Australia

Cancer Institute NSW fact sheet:

Breast screening

BreastScreen NSW

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Javed A, Lteif A. Development of the Human Breast. Semin Plast Surg. 2013;27(1):5-12.

The investigation of a new breast symptom: a guide for general practitioners [internet]. Cancer Australia: Australian Government; 2017. Available from: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia-publications/investigation-new-breast-symptom-guide-general-practitioners

Cancer Australia. Triple Test guide for GPs maximises accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis. Cancer Council: Australian Government. 2017 Oct. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/about-us/news/triple-test-guide-gps-maximises-accuracy-breast-cancer-diagnosis.

Cancer Australia. Early detection of breast cancer [internet]. Cancer Council: Australian Government; 2004 [updated 2015 Aug]. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/position-statements/early-detection-breast-cancer.

BreastScreen Australia. Information for women with breast implants [internet]. Cancer Screening: Department of Health; 2013 [updated 2015 Dec]. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/br-policy-mgmt2.

Department of Health. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) breast services Q&A (questions and answers) [internet]. Health: Australian Government; 2013. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/mri-breast-services-q-and-a.

BreastScreen Australia. BreastScreen Australia Evaluation Final Report. Department of Health; 2014 Oct. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/programme-evaluation.

NHS. Breast pain, cyclical [internet]. NHS; 2017 [updated 2017 June]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breastpaincyclical/pages/treatment.aspx.

Brennan M, Nehmat H, French J. Management of benign breast conditions (Part 2- breast lumps and lesions). Asutralian Family Physician 2005;34(4):253-5.

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Tohno E, Cosgrove DO, Sloane JP. Ultrasound diagnosis of breast diseases. London: Churchill Livingstone 1994.

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Brennan M, Nehmat H, French J. Management of benign breast conditions (Part 1- Painful Breasts). Australian Family Physician 2005;34:143-6.

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Brennan M, Nehmat H, French J. . Management of benign breast conditions (Part 3- other breast problems). Australian Family Physician 2005;34(5):353-5.

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Cancer Australia. Breast Cancer: Paget’s disease of the nipple [internet]. Australian Government;2017 [updated 2017 June 30]. Available from: https://breast-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/types/pagets-disease-nipple#:~:targetText=Around%202%20out%20of%20every,invasive%20breast%20cancer%20or%20DCIS.

14.

NSW Breast Cancer Institute. Nipple discharge Australian Family Physician. 2005;34(5):357.

15.

Iddon J, Dixon JM. Mastalgia. BMJ. 2013;347(bmj. f3288).

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Mayo Clinic. Costochondritis [internet]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371175.

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Salzman B, Fleegle S, Tully A. Common Breast Problems Australian Family Physician. 2012;86(4):343-9.

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Hughes L, Mansel RE, Webster DJT. Benign disorders and diseases of the breast: Concepts and clinical management. London: Balliere-Tindall; 1989.

19.

Barros A, Mottola J, Ruiz CA, Borges MN, Pinotti JA. Reassurance in the treatment of mastalgia. Breast Journal 1999;5(3):162-5.

20.

Hadj M. Sports brassiere: is it a solution for mastalgia? . Breast Journal 2000;6(6):407-9.

21.

Colak T, Ipek T, Kanik A, Ogetman Z, Aydin S. Efficacy of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mastalgia treatment. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2003;196(4):525-30.

22.

Srivastava A, Mansel RE, Arvind N, Prasad K, Dhar A, Chabra A Evidence-based management of mastalgia: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Breast Journal 2007;16(5):503-12.

23.

Skaane P, Bandos A, Gullien R. Comparison of digital mammography alone and digital mammography plus tomosynthesis in a population-based screening program. Radiology 2013;267(1):47-56.

24.

Cancer Australia. Inflammatory breast cancer [internet]. Australian Government; 2017 [updated 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: https://breast-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/types/inflammatory-breast-cancer.

25.

Cancer Australia. Breast Cancer in Australia Statistics [internet]. Australian Government; 2019 [updated 2020 Aug 24]. Available from: https://breast-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics.

26.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Australia 2019. Canberra: AIHW; 2019.

27.

Cancer Australia. Report to the nation – breast cancer 2012 released [internet]. Cancer Australia: Australian Government; 2012 [updated March 2019]. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/about-us/news/report-nation-breast-cancer-2012-released.

28.

Understanding Breast Cancer [internet]. Cancer Council Australia; 2006 [updated 2020 July]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer/#jump_7

29.

Understanding Breast Cancer in Men [internet]. Cancer Council Australia; 2016. Available from: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/understanding-breast-cancer-men/pdf/2016_bimb_understanding_bc_in_men_0.pdf

30.

Cancer Council Victoria. Breast Cancer [internet]. Available from: https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast_cancer/looking_after_yourself.html.

31.

Therapeutic Goods Administration. Breast implant associated-anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) [internet]. TGA: Department of Health; 2019 Oct. Available from: https://www.tga.gov.au/breast-implant-associated-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma-bia-alcl

32.

Therapeutic Goods Administration. Breast implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Update – Further suspension of breast implant devices [internet]. TGA: Department of Health; 2019 [updated 2019 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/breast-implants-and-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma.

33.

Breast Cancer Network Australia. Types of breast cancer [internet]. Breast Cancer Network Australia. Available from: https://www.bcna.org.au/understanding-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/types-of-breast-cancer/#:~:targetText=About%20two%2Dthirds%20of%20breast,as%20tamoxifen%2C%20anastrozole%20or%20letrozole.

34.

Cancer Australia. What are HER2 receptors? [internet]. Cancer Australia: Australian Government. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatment/what-does-treatment-breast-cancer-involve/targeted-therapies/:~:targetText=Some%20women%20with%20breast%20cancer,cancer%20than%20HER2-negative%20disease.

35.

Breast Cancer Network Australia. Triple Negative Breast Cancer [internet]. Breast Cancer Network Australia. Available from: https://www.bcna.org.au/understanding-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/triple-negative-breast-cancer/#:~:targetText=Triple%20negative%20breast%20cancer%20is,generally%20responds%20well%20to%20chemotherapy.

36.

Breast cancer risk factors: a review of the evidence 2018 [internet]. Cancer Australia: Cancer Australia (Surry Hills, NSW); 2018. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia-publications/risk-factors-breast-cancer-review-evidence-2018.

37.

Advice about familial aspects of breast cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer: A guide for health professionals [internet]. Cancer Australia: Cancer Australia (Surry Hills, NSW); 2010 [updated 2016]. Available from: http://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia-publications/advice-about-familial-aspects-breast-cancer-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer.

38.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. Li-Fraumeni syndrome [internet]. USA.gov; 2020 [updated 2020 Aug 17]. Available from: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/li-fraumeni-syndrome#genes.

39.

Cancer Australia. New recommendations on genetic testing for women with ovarian cancer [internet]. Cancer Australia; 2018. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/about-us/news/new-recommendations-genetic-testing-women-ovarian-cancer.

40.

Koo M, von Wagner C, Abel GA, McPhail S, Rubin GP, Lyratzopoulos G. Typical and atypical presenting symptoms of breast cancer and their associations with diagnostic intervals: Evidence from a national audit of cancer diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2017;48:140-6.

41.

Nelson H, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan BK, Humphrey L. Screening for breast cancer: An update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annual Internal Medicine 2009;151(10):727-37.

42.

National Cancer Control Policy [internet]. Cancer Council Australia. Breast Cancer: Screening. Available from: https://wiki.cancer.org.au/policy/Breast_cancer/Screening#:~:targetText=The%20BreastScreen%20Australia%20Evaluation%20found,risk%20by%2021%E2%80%9328%25.

43.

BreastScreen Australia. Position Statement on the use of Tomosynthesis within BreastScreen Australia Services [internet]. BreastScreen Australia: Department of Health; 2014 Dec 2. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/tom-pos-st.

44.

Tingberg A, Zachrisson S. Digital mammography and tomosynthesis for breast cancer diagnosis. Expert Opinion Medical Diagnosis 2011;5(6):517-26.

45.

BreastScreen Australia. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis [internet ]. BreastScreen Aaustralia: Department of Health; 2018 [updated 2019 Nov 14]. Available from: http://cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/dbt.

46.

Baker J, Lo JY. Breast tomosynthesis: state-of-the-art and review of the literature. Academic Radiology 2011;18:1298-310.

47.

Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. 9^th Edition. Melbourne: RACGP; 2012.

48.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. BreastScreen Australia monitoring report 2018. Cat. No: CAN 116 [internet]. Australian Institute of health and welfare: Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/breastscreen-australia-monitoring-report-2018/contents/table-of-contents

49.

Cancer Australia. Overdiagnosis from mammographic screening: position statement [Internet]. Cancer Australia; 2008 [updated 2014 March]. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/position-statements/overdiagnosis-mammographic-screening/pdf.

50.

Marmot M, Altman DG, Cameron DA, et al. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review: A report jointly commissioned by Cancer Research UK and the Department of Health (England). British Journal of Cancer 2013;108(11):2205-40.

51.

Cancer Australia. Early detection of breast cancer [Position statement]. Cancer australia: Australian Government; 2004 [updated 2015]. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/position-statements/early-detection-breast-cancer.

52.

Cancer Australia. Statement on use of thermography to detect breast cancer [internet]. Cancer Australia: Australian Government; 1999 [updated 2010]. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/position-statements/statement-use-thermography-detect-breast-cancer.

53.

Beresford S, Cording J, Gribble A, Haddow J, Scanlan A, White E. The future of breast screening: A literature review of emerging technologies in breast cancer screening. [Internet]. Allen+Clarke; 2018. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/7E7DDFC77210058ECA2583670079F62D/$File/The-Future-of-Breast-Screening.pdf

54.

BreastScreen Australia, Cancer Australian, Cancer Council Australia. Breast Density and Screening: Position Statement [internet]. BreastScreen Australia; 2016. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/BD289E88F9F95876CA25803E001FC4E6/$File/Position%20Statement%20on%20breast%20density%20and%20screening%20within%20the%20BreastScreen%20Australia%20Program.pdf.

55.

Cording J, Smith A, Gribble A, Bishop S. Breast Density: A literature review to inform BreastScreen Australia’s position statement on breast density and screening. [Internet]. Allen+Clarke; 2018. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/0C586AE66702F52DCA258367001498DA/$File/Breast%20Density%20-%20A%20literature%20review.pdf

56.

American College of Radiology. ACR BI-RADS ATLAS. 5^th edition. American College of Radiology; 2014. Reporting System. Available from: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/RADS/BI-RADS/Mammography-Reporting.pdf

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Chapter 5 – The Breast

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